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An organic and natural alternate to chemical fertilizer is compost. You may make your very own compost by making use of fruits, veggies together with other natural wastes out of your place. Compost gives your soil the nutrients it wishes and improves its structure.
Use about two to 3 inches of natural substance as mulch in your whole flower beds. This apply is surely an uncomplicated way for you to discourage weeds, keep moisture, and add treasured nutrients for your garden. Furthermore, your flower beds can have a lovely, finished appearance year round.
Diminish the need to have for pesticides into your garden by planting native crops. Native crops will have an improved resistance towards the bugs and bacteria within your community, and can be more desirable outfitted to contend with native weeds. Native vegetation will appeal to advantageous native insects, similar to ladybugs, which could in a natural way regulate pest conditions minus the want for substances.
Should you be growing crops within your home, you absolutely need to maintain the thermostat set to 65 to 75 degrees throughout the day. They might need the temperature to get that heat in order that they might expand. If you ever you should not choose to always keep your property that heat during the winter season months, you can find a warmth lamp for the organic vegetation in its place.
Marigold flowers are really the powerhouse in an natural and organic garden. As their flowers and leaves decay, the marigold releases chemical compounds that appeal to frogs, repel snakes and kill nematode pests that attack quite a few vegetable vegetation, as well as tomatoes. Look and feel for techniques to allow the glowing yellow marigold carry fantastic shade and decoration in your backyard, as it goes to function to protect the well being within your crops.
Locale is rather very important to organic and natural gardening. Your garden ought to be in an area that will get at the very least 10 hrs of sunlight during the summer. Just before starting your garden, be sure that your spot doesn't have any huge obstructions that'll forged shadows and block the sun. Crops desire an adequate number of sunlight to stay.
Rotate your crops to forestall long lasting populations of pests into your garden. As with any ecosystem, pests will need a particular time frame to nest and develop up a correct population inside of a garden. These pests are specifically suited for one atmosphere and an individual meals resource. By switching their food source you could fundamentally preserve your pest population down purely given that they are not able to adapt into the new sort of plant.
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The free Final Cut Express Guide on how to import M2TS into FCE
AVCHD is a camcorder video format used by a variety of camcorder manufacturers. AVHD stands for Advanced Video Codec High Definition that jointly developed by Panasonic and Sony for use in consumer camcorders. AVCHD is a form of video compression that allows the large data files created by HD video recording to be captured and saved on digital media such as hard disk drives and flash memory cards.
Still have problem with your AVCHD Camcorders? Are you looking for a solution, a program or software that is ideal for your AVCHD camcorder to help you convert M2TS files into a much easier edit format and that could create high definition videos? If you paid for a copy of Final Cut Express (latest version) and are now using it to edit footage captured off of your AVCHD camcorder, chances are FCE will not recognize m2ts files naturally, you just can't select the files to import. Don't be upset, the guide below will point you a way out. Check it out.
Although Apple says that Final Cut Express 4.0 adds support for AVCHD files, there are still AVCHD camcorder users complaining the inaccessibility of FCE, especially when they try to import m2ts files into FCE. Another bad news is that FCE supports the import of AVCHD only on Intel Mac, for others that use PowerPC Mac will have no possibility at all to use FCE to edit their AVCHD footage.
There are solid evidence shows that Final Cut Express can support DV, HDV and iMovie projects without any trouble. This is the point we can take good advantage of.
Why can't we just convert m2ts files to DV, HDV or mpeg-4 that editable in Final Cut Express. Someone would ask if there will have quality loss during encoding process, or can the converted video files still be used for HD video project. These are problems we need to take into consider of.
To encode from m2ts file to other forms like DV, HDV, MPEG-4 you need a program that contain the all necessary codecs needed to transcode the m2ts files. AVCHD Converter for Mac is a simple yet powerful program you can count on to use, it carries a strong codec pack that being able to read and convert almost all video/audio files, whether it is for regular videos like avi, mpg, wmv, mov, dv, hdv, mpeg-4 or HD video like m2ts, mts, ts, mod, tod, mkv, etc, the program can manage them well enough without trouble.
M2TS converter for Mac is not only a HD video converter that helps you to import m2ts into Final Cut Express, but it is also a powerful editing program that enables you to crop, trim, add video effect, merge files. You can also tune resolution, bit rate, frame so that can meet different of project need. So, if you have an AVCHD camcorder that having problem with importing AVCHD footage into FCE, AVCHD converter is the ideal one you can count on.
Pricing and Availability
Iorgsoft AVCHD(MTS/M2TS) software is priced at only $35.00 for single-user licence. It provides a free trial for download, and registered users are entitled to free lifetime updates and technical support.
About iorgsoft Corporation
iorgsoft Corporation publishes high-performance consumer digital multimedia software, iorgsoft's user-friendly, affordable software offers power,
speed, and simplicity for millions of computer users worldwide.
Contact
support@iorgsoft.com
If you are a Windows user, you can using MTS video converter
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McKinleys smile lives on in Broncos hearts - msnbc.com ENGLEWOOD The empty locker that served as a shrine is no longer there. Neither are the No. 11 helmet decals that his Denver Broncos teammates wore in Kenny McKinleys honor after he committed suicide last year. The reminders that remain are a Fre Printable Craft Patterns
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Oct. 7 World Smile Day, Denim Day, National Diversity Day, Frappe Day - YAHOO! Text smiley faces all day, draw them on hand-written notes, and perform an act of kindness to help at least one person smile. That the advice of the Harvey Ball World Smile Foundation. Commercial artist Harvey Ball is credited with the bright yellow smiley Womens Ncaa Printable Brackets
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Majority of Americans Would Opt to Whiten Their Teeth to Enhance Their Smile - Yahoo Finance CULVER CITY, Calif., Sept. 27, 2011 PRNewswire -- Philips, the makers of Sonicare power toothbrushes and Zoom whitening, announced today the launch of a new educational campaign called Get It Right!, which encourages people to engage a dental Outlet Mall Printable Coupons
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Super-Heroes Dont Smile Anymore, Not In DCs New 52 - Kotaku Australia Youd expect Batman to grimace, but would you expect the Flash to frown or Superman to scowl Throughout the month of September, DC Comics, publisher of those heroes and more, released 52 new super-hero comics books. Throughout this past month, I read Free Printable Calorie Counter
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Smile wiped off the face of terror - 7 Days UAE The killing of Anwar Al Awlaki robs Al Qaeda of a web-savvy propagandist who inspired lone militants in the United States and Britain to acts of violence, helping the Pakistan-based core leadership project an image of menace even as it scattered under US Printable Coupon For Gain Laundry Detergent
Richardson, Tide go old-school on Gators - ESPN.com GAINESVILLE, Fla. The air had long since come out of Floridas defense Saturday night, and the guy most responsible for the damage was wearing an approving smile. Alabama junior running back Trent Richardson took turns bludgeoning the Gators and Customizable Printable Birthday Cards
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Shadow Financial Systems Fulfills Industry Need for Real-Time Clearing Platform With ShadowSuite Solution - msnbc.com PISCATAWAY, NJ Shadow Financial Systems, developers of solutions for global securities processing, reconciliation, clearing, treasury and accounting, continues to build a solid reputation for delivering leading-edge technology solutions for Printable Nursing Name Tags
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Shadow inventory keeps home prices depressed - USA Today DES MOINES It used to be when someone was moving out of a house along mail carrier Rob McGregors route, hed see a For Sale sign quickly go up in front. Now, when houses along his northern Des Moines route empty out, its not unusual for Steve And Barrys Printable Coupons
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ICO and Shadow of the Colossus make triumphant debuts on PlayStation 3 - CNET News Ask any self-respecting PlayStation 2 owner about must-have titles for the console and just by default, ICO and Shadow of the Colossus will eventually come up. Not only were both brilliantly unique in their gameplay and style, but they were also pivotal Free Printable 30 Day Eviction Notice
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Super PACs And Secret Money The Unregulated Shadow Campaign - Huffingtonpost.com This article is part of a collaboration with MSNBCs The Dylan Ratigan Show for the series Mad As Hell Get Money Out, airing Monday and Tuesday at 4 p.m. EST. WASHINGTON -- In the span of a week in September, two independent political Free Chritmas Printable Cards
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Shadow of club legends hangs over McClaren - The Independent Cutting a forlorn figure at the side of a football pitch has not exactly been good for Steve McClarens career and after the folly with a brolly that indelibly marked the end of his tenure as England coach he might have thought twice about inviting the State Of Georgia Printable Puzzels
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Album review DJ Shadow, The Less You Know, the Better - Chicago Tribune With The Less You Know, the Better Verve, only his fourth studio album in 15 years, pioneering hip-hop DJ Josh Davis a k a DJ Shadow creates what is essentially a mix tape of all his favorite moves, a grand tour of many of the genres Free Winter Printable Templates
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Key Marsico Manager Leaves Firm - Yahoo Finance Cory Gilchrist, lead manager of Marsico 21st Century MXXIX and Marsico Global MGLBX, left the firm as of today. His departure punctuates a period of rocky performance on his funds that arose from macro views that clashed with the rest of the firms Free Kids Printable Certificates
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20 From 2020 Key Moments From the Amanda Knox Appeal - ABC News Though Amanda Knoxs first murder trial concluded in 2009, the drama from the case was far from over. Below are 20 key moments from Knoxs appeal of her conviction for the killing of her British roommate, Meredith Kercher. 1. In April 2010 Bealls Of Florida Printable Coupons
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Al-Qaeda Threat From Yemen Survives Death of Key Propagandist - BusinessWeek Oct. 1 Bloomberg -- Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula remains a serious terrorist threat even after the drone strike in Yemen that killed Anwar al-Awlaki eliminated one of the groups most persuasive recruiters and propagandists. While Free Printable Multichoice Games
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Tottenham vs Arsenal Key Battles - espnstar.com ESPNSTAR.coms Kelvin Tan takes a closer look at the key battles that could decide the outcome of Arsenals visit to Tottenham on Sunday night. After a lacklustre start to the Premier League season, Arsenal seem to be regaining some semblance of form with Black Printable Heat Shrink
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Key Technology Announces Operational Restructuring and Adjusted Fourth Quarter Expectations - Yahoo Finance WALLA WALLA, Wash., Sept. 30, 2011 GLOBE NEWSWIRE -- Key Technology, Inc. NasdaqKTEC - News announced today that it has taken actions to restructure operations and reduce costs. These actions include a reduction of approximately 3.5 of its global Circus Circus Printable Coupons
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The free Final Cut Express Guide on how to import M2TS into FCE
AVCHD is a camcorder video format used by a variety of camcorder manufacturers. AVHD stands for Advanced Video Codec High Definition that jointly developed by Panasonic and Sony for use in consumer camcorders. AVCHD is a form of video compression that allows the large data files created by HD video recording to be captured and saved on digital media such as hard disk drives and flash memory cards.
Still have problem with your AVCHD Camcorders? Are you looking for a solution, a program or software that is ideal for your AVCHD camcorder to help you convert M2TS files into a much easier edit format and that could create high definition videos? If you paid for a copy of Final Cut Express (latest version) and are now using it to edit footage captured off of your AVCHD camcorder, chances are FCE will not recognize m2ts files naturally, you just can't select the files to import. Don't be upset, the guide below will point you a way out. Check it out.
Although Apple says that Final Cut Express 4.0 adds support for AVCHD files, there are still AVCHD camcorder users complaining the inaccessibility of FCE, especially when they try to import m2ts files into FCE. Another bad news is that FCE supports the import of AVCHD only on Intel Mac, for others that use PowerPC Mac will have no possibility at all to use FCE to edit their AVCHD footage.
There are solid evidence shows that Final Cut Express can support DV, HDV and iMovie projects without any trouble. This is the point we can take good advantage of.
Why can't we just convert m2ts files to DV, HDV or mpeg-4 that editable in Final Cut Express. Someone would ask if there will have quality loss during encoding process, or can the converted video files still be used for HD video project. These are problems we need to take into consider of.
To encode from m2ts file to other forms like DV, HDV, MPEG-4 you need a program that contain the all necessary codecs needed to transcode the m2ts files. AVCHD Converter for Mac is a simple yet powerful program you can count on to use, it carries a strong codec pack that being able to read and convert almost all video/audio files, whether it is for regular videos like avi, mpg, wmv, mov, dv, hdv, mpeg-4 or HD video like m2ts, mts, ts, mod, tod, mkv, etc, the program can manage them well enough without trouble.
M2TS converter for Mac is not only a HD video converter that helps you to import m2ts into Final Cut Express, but it is also a powerful editing program that enables you to crop, trim, add video effect, merge files. You can also tune resolution, bit rate, frame so that can meet different of project need. So, if you have an AVCHD camcorder that having problem with importing AVCHD footage into FCE, AVCHD converter is the ideal one you can count on.
Pricing and Availability
Iorgsoft AVCHD(MTS/M2TS) software is priced at only $35.00 for single-user licence. It provides a free trial for download, and registered users are entitled to free lifetime updates and technical support.
About iorgsoft Corporation
iorgsoft Corporation publishes high-performance consumer digital multimedia software, iorgsoft's user-friendly, affordable software offers power,
speed, and simplicity for millions of computer users worldwide.
Contact
support@iorgsoft.com
If you are a Windows user, you can using MTS video converter
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Cooper, Roth to frighten Universal - The Daily Advertiser UNIVERSAL CITY, Calif. With his legs propped up on a teachers desk, shock rocker Alice Cooper looks right at home inside a demented science classroom filled with phony spiders and snakes. The eerie enclave is just one of the stops in a Printable Lined Planner Calendar
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Mining is Congos best hope of prosperity but also its biggest worry - Economist.com But the effect has been to frighten them away from Congo altogether. So the local economy has dropped off a cliff. Some unemployed miners had been expected to join militias, though evidence that they have done so is scant. Still, militia leaders and Printable Calorie Log
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Austin Healey exclusive Jonny Wilkinson will frighten the life out of Englands rivals - Daily Mirror England will reach a third consecutive World Cup final if they take full advantage of Jonny Wilkinsons return to form. That is my firm belief as Martin Johnson and the team prepare for their opening game against Argentina in Dunedin on Saturday. Having Free Printable Spanish Alphabet
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Blondies Chris Stein on Panic of Girls , Wild Style , and Modern Pop - Phoenix New Times The record is not without flaws -- considerable ones -- but charming, nonetheless. On Love Doesnt Frighten Me, Stein and guest Elliot Easton of The Cars rock out, and Sunday Smile, a cover of the song by Beirut whose Zach Condon plays trumpet here Lpn Entrance Exam Practice Test
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Is Cable a pitbull or a coalition poodle - The Guardian The business secretary, having advertised his speech as a strong attack on spiralling boardroom pay, said little to frighten your average FTSE 100 chief executive taking home 4.2m a year. Instead, his department published a 45-page discussion Sample Family Reunion Welcome Letter
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Sri Lanka Ports Authority
Sri Lanka Ports Authority
“Strive for the Success in Competitive Environment"
ABSTRACT
Global Shipping Industry is highly volatile and diverse in nature. The rapidly changing environment economically, technologically, socially and politically has put a lot of pressure on Port Authorities. Thereby Port Authorities are redefining their goals and roles by implementing various strategies. The question, we address of this paper is continuity of cutting-edge advantage of SLPA given by strategic location of Sri Lanka.
In the first part, we hope to give an introduction to our selected organization (SLPA) and main issue that we are going to address. This is followed by the factors that affect to deteriorate the competitive advantage, illustrated with empirical examples. We then try to present what are the strategies implemented by SLPA in order to maintain and upgrade their competitive position given by its strategic location. A conclusion finalizes the paper.
01. Introduction
Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA), a leading semi-government organization in Sri Lanka was established by the Government on 1 August 1979, amalgamating three institutions namely, Port Commission, Port (Cargo) Corporation and Port Tally and Protective Services Corporation. SLPA is responsible for the operation and administration of all specified ports in Sri Lanka in accordance with the Act No. 51 of 1979 and subsequently amended by Act No. 7 and 35 of 1984. Specified Ports in Sri Lanka are Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, Point Pedro, Kankasanthurai and a new Port at Hambantota. Vision of SLPA is to consolidate Sri Lanka’s position as the premier maritime logistic centre of the Asian region and mission is to increase the profitability and customer base by providing excellent service and excellent facilities. SLPA generates revenue from many activities, mainly from Navigation, Stevedoring, Wharf handling, Supply of water, oil and electricity to vessels, Diving and under water ship repairs. SLPA is also responsible to provide efficient and regular tally and protective service. Regulation and control navigation within the limits and approaches of the specified ports are special functions of SLPA. Not only that SLPA is responsible to maintain port installations and promote the use of specified ports and coordinate all activities in specified ports excluding the functions of the customs. Moreover, SLPA needs to conduct the business maintaining good governance and to make accordance with the Port Authority’s Act, as well as secure the revenue of the Authority is not less than sufficient for meeting the charges which are proper to make revenue of Authority.
Exhibit 01: Revenue for 2008 ( Service Wise) All three ports
Source : Annual Report 2009 (SLPA)
Colombo, the Principal port in Sri Lanka, has been geared to keep pace with the accelerated activity in other sectors of the economy. The port was developed and equipped to handle a vastly increased volume of domestic cargo. Anticipating changing trends, the port adapted itself swiftly to accommodate the switch over from the break-bulk to container system in cargo handling. The advances in container handling facilities in Colombo served as an impetus to local shippers and exporters to containerize their cargos to suit foreign market conditions. At the same time, the services and facilities of the port are structured on commercial lines to cater to the growing transshipment trade in the region. There are three container terminals namely Jaya Container Terminal (JTC), Unity Container Terminal (UCT) and Samagi Container Terminal (SCT). In addition to that, the management of SLPA came to a private-public partnership with South Asia Gateway Terminal (SAGT). JCT is the main container terminal, which has four main container berths and two feeder berths with the maximum dredged depth of 15m. Today, the Port of Colombo has emerged as the Gateway to South Asia.
Sri Lanka was a centre of international trade for many centuries since it is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, along the main East – West-shipping route and only 31 kilometers to southeast India. Moreover, it is centrally located for other international shipping routes like Trans-Pacific and Trans-Atlantic as well. As a result, Sri Lanka emerged to be a strong competitor in the global shipping industry. Today, SLPA is facing a question of continuity of this cutting-edge advantage since there is a growing international competition through many driving forces such as shipping alliances, emergence of new ports, modern technology, favor for dedicated terminals etc.
Exhibit 02: Ten-Year Summary of SLPA’s Financial Performance
Source: Annual Report, 2009 (CBSL)
02. Factors, deteriorate the competitive advantage
Shipping industry is highly volatile and diverse in nature. Every responsible party of seaports in the world are trying to sustain and upgrade their competitive position by implementing various strategies, thereby SLPA has an obligation towards the protection of their competitive position in highly volatile environment. Here we mainly focused on the factors that would affect to deteriorate the competitive advantage given by its strategic location.
2.1 Newer and modern port facilities in the region
Innovation and technological advances have driven improvements in the way ports operate for many years and will surely continue to improve efficiency of the future. As a result, port authorities are day by day updating technology in order to survive and prosper within a highly competitive environment. Every responsible party of seaports seeks to have a clear and well-defined methodology in order to optimize and drive steady and secure in the new digital economy. As the premier port in Sri Lanka, Port of Colombo receives majority of transshipment containers from South Asian Region, particularly from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. 1.5 million Transshipment containers were brought to the country from which 38% was from Indian sub continent, 34% from Europe, 15% from Singapore, 4% from United Arab Emirates and the rest 3% from other countries.
Exhibit 03: Composition of Total Container Throughput (in TEUs)
Source: Annual Report, 2008 (SLPA)
India has twelve major ports where six ports situated on the eastern coastline and rest of the western coastline, which directly call on Colombo port through the Colombo common feeder-network. Karachchi and Kandla ports belong to Pakistan and Chittagong port in Bangladesh are contributing significant portion of transshipment through feeder network. The contract for the development of the Port of Tuticorin in India was granted to the Port of Singapore Authority Corporation. Further India is in an intention to build Chennai in Eastern Coast and Navashiva on Western Coast as container handling hub ports in the South Asian region. India could channel containers gathered from western coast and store at port of Navashiva to ship to Port of Salalah in Oman and the containers gathered from the eastern coast and the stored at Chennai to ship to Port of Singapore. India has taken steps to alleviate Intermodal Transport[4] by developing road and railway networks accommodating transportation of containers and extending the road network up to Bangladesh
[“A new harbor, ‘Kochi’ in Southern India built by DP world to open in August 2010 plans to lure ships away from Sri Lanka’s Colombo Port, the present South Asian container transshipment hub, What we are trying to do is compete in the regional and international market. It will change the logistic pattern of the country”]
Anil Singh (Head of DP World, India)
A new deep-water terminal of Kochi in south India will be able to handle 13000TEUs of container capacity. This is a good opportunity to India since it will be able to make new calls from long-haul vessels, which do not possible with traditional Indian ports since they are lack the depth and modern cranes. Major threat is that Kochi aims to lure large vessels from Sri Lanka, which presently handles as much as 40% of India’s transshipment trade. In order to facilitate smooth function of this port, The Indian government has also agreed to reduce port fees than the current hub port, Colombo with lower cost, deep-water facilities and looser regulations.
Port of Singapore is being increased market share day by day showing their dignity as the world Number 1 seaport. Containerization International year book has recently published that Top 30 container port in the world in 2008 where Port of Singapore dominated their position as World Number 1 container port while Port of Colombo having a progress of 9.1% ranked as 27th among them.
Table 01: Top Five Ports in year 2008
| # | Country | Port | Status | Progress
( % ) |
|
| 2008 | 2007 | ||||
| 1 | Singapore | Singapore | 1 | 1 | 7.1 |
| 2 | China | Shanghai | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 3 | China | Hong Kong | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| 4 | China | Shang hen | 4 | 4 | 1.5 |
| 5 | North Korea | Bussan | 5 | 5 | 1.3 |
Source : Theertha Magazine
The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore works closely with both port operators and shipping companies to regulate and develop the port into a global hub, offering a “one-stop-shop” for the global maritime community. Singapore is the busiest port in the world in terms of shipping tonnage, with some 140,000 vessels calls annually. At the “Pasir Panjang” container terminal, new super post-panamax quay cranes[5] have been deployed to service the world’s biggest container vessel, the “Emma Maersk”. This series of dynamic quay cranes are the first of their kind in the region. Singapore is one of the top bunkering ports in the world, lifting 30 million tonnes of bunkers annually. They provide wide range of essential marine services including pilotage, towage, fresh water supply, crew changes, ship supplies and slop disposal. The port of Singapore is not a mere container transshipment hub, it is the world third largest petrochemical refiner and operates the most technically advanced and efficient shipbuilding and ship repair facilities in the region.
Exhibit 04: Number of Vessels Called at Sri Lanka and Singapore
Sources: Annual Report, 2008 (SLPA), Web site of Singapore Ports Authority
The Port of Salalah in Oman, Port of Dubai in UAE and Port of Aden in Yemen will also pose a challenge to Sri Lanka. The Ports of Dubai attracts highest volume of containers as it responds quickly to the requirements of container carriers who prefer to use ports with all necessary facilities and the capacity to handle such a high volume. The Port of Aden is situated 4 kilometers off from the main western sea route. A vessel could reach from a European destination in 9 days and Singapore in 7 days from this port. It is expected to become a mega container terminal in the near future. Aden is recognized as a national resource with great potential, described as “Yemen’s gateway to the world” to handle the world’s largest container vessels, Aden Container Terminal (ACT) at the north shore of Aden’s Inner Harbor was designed and built in march 1999. In addition, the recent joint venture between the Port Corporation and Dubai world will facilitate its success further. Port of Salalah, situated right at the major East-West shipping lane, enjoys an attractive strategic location in the heart of the Indian Ocean Rim and caters to some of the world’s largest vessels. It is a common-user multi-purpose port, with facilities to handle bulk cargo, containers, general and liquid cargoes and in addition offers value added services such as bunkering, container repairs, a container freight station, warehousing and ship repairs.
2.2 Sethu-Samudram
The Sethu-Samudram Canal Project (SSCP) is a long awaited project since British colonial days. The aim of this project is to dredge a canal running through the waters of Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar links the eastern and western coasts of South India. It inaugurated on 2nd July 2005. There were nine proposals for digging the canal and finally the alignment of the canal proposed by NEERI[6] had chosen for implementation in 2005. It would reduce the sailing distance between Cape Comorin and Chennai to 402 nautical miles from the present 755 nautical miles, resulting in approximately saving of 36 hours of sailing time from the east to the west coast of India. On completion of the project, operating cost of coastal shipping will go down drastically for India. The savings in cost of shipping and ease of passage will help for the growth of container traffic, ports and infrastructure development and overall growth of the economy of Indian sub continent including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The proposed SSCP site is located in a globally significant marine ecosystem and this will be a threat to the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, one of world's richest marine biological resources. Moreover, there are so many identified environmental issues with this project. The project documents claim that ships moving from the west coast to the east coast of India do not need to navigate around Sri Lanka and thereby SLPA will loose significant number of containers from Indian sub continent.
2.3 Increases in vessel size
Larger container vessel poses new problem and challenges for ports. Today, global shipping industry is experiencing marvelous creations from modern technology. Therefore, this is common for container vessels and thereby many shipping lines are seeking very advanced, economical vessels with size, speed and new features in order to gain economies scale. There are mainly three types of container ships namely, Panamax, Post Panamax and Super Post Panamax. Post Panamax are the vessels that widely use in global shipping industry. However, Super Post-Panamax vessel of 6,000 TEU and larger, is growing rapidly in prominence. As a result, the massive surge of containers discharged in a single port can be seen widely. There is a challenge to cater such a large vessel with cargo on a repetitive basis. In addition, it would need an extra expense involved in providing sufficient channel and berth depth, terminal area, gantry cranes of adequate size, and other items of equipment and infrastructure.
2.4 Shipping Alliances
With the global economic downturn, a number of structural changes have occurred in the transport market. The firms, which are operating in global shipping industry, have attempted to be price competitive and to improve and expand service offerings. This development is a result of striving towards cost savings through expansion and the emergence of the concepts of global and total logistics. As a result, mainly shipping companies evolved into large logistical organizations through a mixture of autonomous growth, alliances, mergers etc. The globalization of container liners has resulted in the greater market power of the alliances and consortia as international shipping lines have more choices in calling at ports. Several shipping companies are collectively able to negotiate with port operators for favorable service charges and conditions. Alliances are starting to opt for a further concentration on certain terminals, with important consequences. Happag Loyd and CMA CGM shipping companies whose ships are calling Colombo came to an agreement to launch twelve shipments where one company is handling six shipments. However, before this agreement, both handled twenty-four shipments as two different companies. Alliances and other co-operation agreements are now controlling significant goods flows on the major routes. This creates demand for ever-greater terminal capacity.
2.5 Dedicated Terminals
There is a significant trend for dedicated terminals since it is beneficial for both parties including port authority and the shipping company. Today, shipping line not only formulates demands with regard to port charges but they are more widely interested in the use of dedicated terminals. Shipping companies see the terminals as part of their international networks of transport and logistics services. For port authorities, dedicated terminals are a means to facilitate the development of integrated services and to bind shipping companies to terminals.
“Port of Tantung Pelepas (PTP) in Johor, Malaysia, Maersk Sealand purchased of a 30% stake in PTP. On August 18, 2000, Maersk Sealand announced that they were going to move their transshipment operations from Singapore to PTP. All Maersk Sealand’s mainline services that used to call at Singapore, except the West Australia and New Zealand services, will in the future call at PTP and was the biggest single move in the history of the port industry in Southeast Asia”
- Katsuhiko Kuroda (2004)
The movement of Maersk Sealand has shown that ports have become completely dependent on the shipping companies’ decisions, and planning with this in mind is essential for the challenges facing port managers today.
2.6 Emergence of Private-Public Partnerships
The main objective of privatization of the ports is to provide an efficient service by minimizing the expenditure of operations and raising the standards of management in the port.
Table 02: Private sector participation for port activities
| Port Models | Port Functions | ||||
| Land | Terminal | Infrastructure | |||
| Service Port | Public | Public | Public | ||
| Tool Port | Public | Public | Private | ||
| Land Lord | Public | Private | Private | ||
Source : SLPA Hand Book (2001)
“In light of the increasingly competitive environment, many ports have turned to privatization based on the belief that increasing private sector participation in the ownership and operation of the container terminals can help them improve their operational efficiency”
-Tongzon, L, Port Privatization (2006)
Port of Singapore was privatized by the government, because of the increasing inter-port competition and as part of Singapore’s policy of getting the private sector have a bigger role and stake in the economy. Before its corporatization in 1997, the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) as a statutory board acted as both regulator and terminal operator. After corporatization, the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) took over the PSA’s regulatory functions. Currently MPA is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing Singapore’s port and maritime affairs while the PSA Corporation function as a provider of port services. Moreover, there is an emerging trend of privatization in ports of developing countries like India, Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines.
03. Strategies Implemented by SLPA
SLPA acts as a land manager with responsibility for safe, sustainable[7] and competitive development of the all specified ports in Sri Lanka. Strategic choices and strategic management options for Port Authorities cannot be analyzed isolation and are codetermined by the port characteristics such as location, infrastructure, both natural and created activities and competitive environment. Thereby SLPA also has a responsibility to formulate their strategies by looking at the port characteristics. Further, they should come across beyond their Land- Lord function.
Table 03: Framework of activities beyond the PA’s Landlord function
| Landlord | Management and development of port area including nautical accesses | |||
| Beyond the landlord | Non own port related activities | Own port related activities | ||
| Operational activities | Supporting activities | |||
| Within port boundaries | Extending to hinterland | |||
Source : Larissa, Peter, W, (2006)
In responses to severe competition, SLPA is compelled to adopt various strategies including structural reforms, upgrading technology and information systems, capacity enhancements, diversification etc. Here we would mainly focused on strategies that brought and may bring major change to the organization in terms of profit and sustainable growth.
3.1 Development Projects
Recently, SLPA has engaged in huge port development projects namely Colombo South Harbor development project, Port of Galle development project, Ports of Oluvil and Point-Pedro Development projects. In addition, new port at Hambantota is under construction.
3.1.1. Colombo South Harbor Development Project
The proposed Colombo South Harbor will be located west of the present South-West Breakwater in an area of approximately 600 hectare having four terminals of over 1,200m of length in each to accommodate three berths. The channel width of the harbor is to be 560 m and depth of 20m, with harbor basin depth of 18m and a 600m turning circle. The development of Phase-1 of the Colombo South Harbor is to be carried out in two stages. The first stage of development is involving the infrastructure with public funds of US$. 300 million and the second stage is involving the other terminal facilities of US$ 700 million with private sector participation. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has done the financial and technical evaluations for the breakwater. The contract is to be awarded to Hyundai Engineering construction Co. Ltd at a cost of Rs. 36.3 Billion. Completion of the project will provide sufficient container handling capacity and depth for the latest generation mainline vessels to call at Colombo port.
3.1.2. Development Project of Port of Trincomalee
Trincomalee harbor is the second best natural harbor in the world. The available water and land area is about 10 times as much as the Port of Colombo. Trincomalee was tentatively identified to cater for bulk and break bulk cargo and port related industrial activities including heavy industries such as tourism, agriculture etc. At present SLPA is in the process to re-develop Trincomalee as a metropolis growth centre. SLPA has completed zoning plan to utilize the huge amount of existing unutilized land under its jurisdiction on the outcome of the analysis with the other sectors of the development, such as UDA[8], BOI[9], and Tourist Board etc. SLPA has Advertised Internationally and locally to call for proposal from Potential Investors for Industrial Park and Tourism Zone in Trincomalee Ocean City.
3.1.3. Port of Galle Development Project
Port of Galle is one of the major regional port belongs to SLPA. It is generating revenue from several port activities such as Navigation, stevedoring and port facilities. In addition to that, Port of Galle is the only port that provides facilities for pleasure yachts. The international Yacht society has recognized the Galle port as one of the world’s best attraction. The increase in yachts has revived the tourism industry of Sri Lanka in general and Galle in particular. The facilities for Yachts provided at Galle Port were damaged during the Tsunami in 2004. The development project of port of Galle is planning to be completed in two phases. First phase of the proposed development project is to provide a fully-fledged Yacht Marina for the Galle Port to attract Yachters with estimated cost Rs. 125 Million. This will provide Yacht berthing facilities at the South Breakwater and Yacht repair facilities. In addition, SLPA plans to establish cafe & clubhouse with WI-FI facility in yacht marina. At the second phase, facilities will be extended to accommodate passenger cruise ships while providing additional berthing facilities for 30 yachts, Yacht lifting facility, Car Park and Dry berthing facility and 300m berth of 9m draft for passenger vessels. This development project is to develop the port of Galle as a regional port by constructing new deeper multipurpose berths for longer ships. Further, it established to meet future demand and to relocate the part of the Break-Bulk cargo handling from port of Colombo.
3.1.4. Development projects - Kankasanthurai and Point Pedro
Urgent rehabilitation and improvement project was planned for Kankasanthurai (KKS) Harbor since it was heavily damaged due to civil war. Today, Sri Lanka is enjoying peace after long period where Sri Lankans suffered from terrorism. With that peaceful environment, SLPA is entering to ensure efficient and effective cargo handling in Port of Kankasanthurai and committed by utilizing its own funds to carry out emergency repairs to the breakwater and dredging the basin. In the meantime, the government of India has indicated to grant US$ 23m for removal of wracks and construction of a New Pier. Port of Point Pedro (PPD) is also looking for a new look since it was heavily damaged by the Tsunami in December 2004, Two new barges were fabricated with funding from national budget and SLPA’s budget. Additionally the feasibility of developing Point Pedro in to a SLPA regional port for the Northern Province will be explored.
3.2. Construction of new port at Hambantota
Port of Hambantota is a maritime port, which currently under construction in Hambantota and will be operational in 2010. Port of Hambantota is within 10 nautical miles to the East-West shipping route and it has located directly at the intersection of major international sea trading routes. It will be the second largest port of Sri Lanka after the Port of Colombo. After completion, the port will be the biggest port constructed on land to date in the 21st century. The main important feature of this project is the construction of the quay wall and basin in dry condition after constructing a cofferdam along the parameter. The natural depth along the coastline in Hambantota is ideally suited for a deep-water port. The port initially and subsequently could be developed as a container transshipment port depending on the increasing cargo volume, thereby it is planned to undertake general cargos such as cement, steel, fertilizer and timber. The first phase of port project will provide bunkering services, port related industries, coal, RO-RO [10] facilities, off shore services such as ship handling, supply of water & fuel, crew changes, ship building and ship repair facilities. Later phases will raise capacity of the port up to 20 million TEU’s per year. Contract for the construction of Phase-I was awarded to a Chinese joint venture construction company at the total cost of US $ 360 million. The SLPA is functioning as the Client-Cum-Consultant while the China Harbor Engineering Co ltd is the contractor.
3.3. Capacity Enhancement of Jaya Container Terminal (JCT)
The SLPA has needed an interim period to improve the existing facilities to bridge the gap between growing demand and shortfalls in facilities. However, SLPA should have ensured that customers are not lost to competing rival ports, because such losses would have disasters impact on the future of the Port of Colombo. This was a reason for SLPA to initiate actions for extension of JCT IV berth at Jaya Container Terminal. It can be enhancing the capacity of Port of Colombo to accommodate the mega container carriers now in operation. With the SLPA in house resources, the detailed design has been completed. With the implementation of this projects, it is possible to berth two 8000 TEU of container ships simultaneously at JCT III and JCT IV.
3.4. Upgrading Technology and Information System
Technology it self is a prominent factor for an organization in order to survive and prosper in a highly competitive environment. As such, SLPA is operating in highly technology driven industry where technological advancement can be expected in every minute. With out maintaining right technology at right time, survival will be impossible. Hence, SLPA pays more concentration on advancement of technology. In addition, SLPA is in line with introduction of many information systems like HRIS in order to facilitate smooth operations.
3.4.1. Computer system for Jaya Container Terminal (JCT) and New North Pier (NNP) Project
The main objective of this project was to replace the obsolete JCT system. Then SLPA introduced new computer system for JCT to couple the functions with the new north pier. This project consisted of providing system software and hardware applications, software communication systems including Networking, Radio Data Communication System and DGPs etc. This was implemented with SLPA funds and currently SLPA is able to maintain state-of-the- art technology to manage and control equipment in yard space, data transmitting radio, Land Area Network (LAN) system for image data communication between central computer and equipment operator.
3.4.2. Customer service center computerization project
The customer service center handles all the document clearance function of cargo at SLPA. Fully integrated web-EDI application system is being developed to transmit all the shipping documents to the customer service center. The system provides facilities to transmit Bill of Lading, Delivery Order etc. The system provides facilities to enable the consignees and exporters to make their payments electronically.
3.4.3. Procurement Management and Stock Control System
This system provides facilities to transmit purchase orders to customers through internet where customers are able to make inquiry through internet. After the implementation, paper work greatly reduced. Payments to suppliers also handle through internet.
3.4.4. HRIS: Human Resource Information System
The management of SLPA has identified the importance of its human resource and having best practices of human resource to the organization. The prevailing challenges and competition in the global shipping industry force for SLPA to improve the quality of its human resource. SLPA has acquired this web based Human Resource Information System from h-senid which is a well-known web based HR solution provider. They introduced HRIS in January 2009 by using existing server facilities and hardware facilities available at SLPA. The HRIS achieved a record time in capturing data almost 14,000 employees in different ports within a very limited time. The acquired system takes care of employees from their recruitment to their retirement.
“HRIS is a process of interrelated components working together to collect, process, store and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualization of an organization’s human resource management activities”
Dessler , 2009
HRIS is an effective facilitator for strategic human resource management and introduced basically, with the aim of improving the efficiency of the HR operation, improved reporting capability and shift HR’s attention from transaction processing to strategic HR. By using of HRIS, SLPA will be able to encompass faster information process, grater information accuracy, and information security. In addition, they are entitled to streamline HR processes and upgrade with the organizational growth in terms of capacity and added new features. It will facilitate a fully functional employee personal information management, which will cover all aspect of employee personal information. In near future, they will hope to expand the HRIS through integration with Payroll, Time Attendance, Accounting System and Document Management System, which are currently operated separately. Even though, HRIS provide many facilities, it is very difficult to change the procedure and life styles of the employees. Most of the employees were reluctant believing that they will loose power and with a doubt of whether they will receive the significant responsibility or not.
3.5. South Asia Gateway Terminal (SAGT)
Since 1995, the Sri Lankan government has actively sought private sector participation in the development of port infrastructure through partnerships in the form of either Build-Own-Operate (BOO) or Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT). With knowledge of the limited capacity of their ports and rapid growth in the shipping industry, the expansion of a port was deemed necessary to maintain a competitive advantage. The Sri Lankan national government granted the SAGT partnership a thirty-year concession in the form of BOT to expand and operate the Queen Elizabeth Quay (QEQ) at Colombo port as a private-public partnership (PPP) in September of 1999. There were several objectives for the project. First objective was to enhance the capacity of QEQ terminal from the original capacity of 250,000 TEU’s per year to a capacity of 1.1 million TEU’s. Second objective of the project was to improve port efficiency. Third objective of the project was to demonstrate to the international community and the private sector that public-private infrastructure projects could have positive outcomes in Sri Lanka. The contract required the SAGT partnership to offer employment to all 500 workers at QEQ. If those workers chose not to join, the SAGT partnership, the port authority was required to employee them. The SAGT partnership expanded and modernized the QEQ, both physically and in efficiency. Management and staff have been trained to improve their knowledge and skills, with possibility for advancement within the company. All employees with exception of two senior positions are staffed with Sri Lankan nationals. The company has 500 employees, which is the same as the quay had before the PPP; however, the volume of TEUs passing through QEQ has increased 350 percent. Employee efficiency has improved drastically because of the expansion of QEQ capacity, equipment modernization, better training and work process improvements.
04. Conclusion
In this paper, we focused at the question of continuity of competitive advantage given by Sri Lanka’s strategic location. Sri Lanka emerged to be a strong competitor in the port industry for many centuries because it is centrally located in the Indian Ocean. However, there is a possibility to disappear this competitive advantage, as there is a growing trend of upgrading port facilities with the latest technology, Sethu-Samudram, Shipping Alliances, Dedicated terminals and emergence of Private-Public partnerships. Since Indian government is upgrading their port facilities with the seaports giants like PSA Corp. and DP world and reducing their port charges drastically, SLPA is loosing their market share in Indian transshipment trade significantly. In addition, a project like Sethu-Samudram also will be a barrier to maintain and prosper as a hub port in the region. Major ports like Singapore, Salalah, Aden and Dubai ports in the region is rapidly expanding their market share in global shipping industry with world class infrastructure, up to date technology and well motivated work force. Shipping alliances and adoration for dedicated terminals highlights the fact that most probably ports have to depend on shipping lines or shipping companies since they are the strategic customers of a port. Emergence of Private-Public partnerships with the aim of facilitating high state of art technology and obtaining a high standard of management really pose a challenge to SLPA.
Finally, we discussed what strategies implemented by SLPA to upgrade their competitive position. We can see that SLPA is investing huge investments for their development projects, in order to repay the advances brought in the sense of development project, a proper business plan is vital to their success in the competitive environment; otherwise, it would not be a reality. In addition, the successfulness of Port of Colombo will only be realized, after the completion of the first terminal at Colombo South Port. Even though, Breakwater construction is in good progress, there is a significant delay in the construction of the terminal. It should also be constructed in order to cater modern vessels, which require deeper draft and depth like Super Post Panamax. Delaying these makeovers will put severe impact on the performance of Port of Colombo in the future. Huge development projects and a new Seaport at Hambantota will be more vital to the success of SLPA in near future. Capacity enhancement projects, upgrading technology and information systems, structural reforms are prominent strategic activities, which support SLPA, to make Sri Lanka as a maritime hub of the Asian region.
References
Ranasinghe, D.B., Transformed Port of Colombo, 2nd edition, Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Colombo (2006)
Samarathunga, W.G., Sea Transportation, 1st edition, Colombo (1997)
Larissa, M. , Peter, W., Port Authority Strategy: Beyond the Land Lord., Eramsus University, Rotterdam (2007)
Tongzon, J.L., Heng, W, “Port Privatization, Efficiency and Competitiveness: Some Empirical Evidence from Container Ports”, Transportation Research, Tasmania (2006)
Baird, A.J., Port Privatization: an analytical framework, Proceedings of International Association of Maritime Economist Conference, City University, London (1997)
Sri Lanka Progress Report, 21st Meeting of the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, Karachi, Pakistan (2004)
Annual Report, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2009
Annual Report, Sri Lanka Ports Authority, 2008
Theertha, Internal Magazine, Sri Lanka Ports Authority, 2009, 2010 (Several Issues)
Yathra, Internal Magazine, Sri Lanka Ports Authority, 2004 (Several Issues)
Web sites on Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Port of Singapore, Port of Salalah and Port of Aden
1. This case was prepared by Disanayake, I.P., Disanayake, H.M.U.B., Dissanayake, D.M.A.D., Edirisinghe, M.P.
2. Our Sincere Gratitude goes to Sri Lanka Ports Authority and Department of Business Administration.
3. This case is intended as a basis for class discussion and not as an illustration of good or bad management practices of the selected organization.
[4] Being or involving transportation by more than one form of carrier
[5] The largest modern container cranes, which cater for vessels of about 22 container rows wide and/ or more and it weighs 1600-2000 tones
[6] National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, created and funded by government of India
[7] Sustainable implies that the port should develop in a competitive mode, with minimal negative environmental impact and well integrated with the urban environment. Achieving a sustainable development of the port implicitly means a positive contribution to the regional economy.
[8] Urban Development Authority
[9] Board of Investments
[10] Roll on- Roll off, special vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trucks, trailers or rail road cars that are driven on and off the ship on their own vessels. This is in contrast to Lo-Lo (lift on-lift off) vessels which use a crane to load and unload cargo
Sources:
http://www.asiacapital.lk/pdf/Euromoney_Yearbooks_Article.pdf
http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2010/9/ 60749_4_image_headline.html?CH11286100405015EN1
http://www.slpa.lk/port_trincomalee.asp?chk=4